激光照射茶树花药培养及其过氧化物酶同工酶的分析

Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ和ＣＯ２激光对茶树花药培养的药裂率和出愈率的影响,既有促进作用,也有抑制作用。按出愈率和愈伤组织生长状况的序列：Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ：２０Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２〉ＣＫ〉Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ：３０Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２〉ＣＯ２：３５．４Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２。对Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光照射花药及其愈伤组织的过氧化物酶同工酶分析,主要表现在弱酶带的变化上,无规律差异。     

A Note on the Evolution of the Stamens in the Laurales,with Emphasis on the Lauraceae

The number of pollen sacs per anther and their position have traditionally been among the most important systematic characters in the Lauraceae. Opinions differ, however, about the evolutionary direction in these characters. This paper is intended to draw attention to little known morphological features of the stamens, in particular to transitions between disporangiate and tetrasporangiate anthers. In addition, the phylogenetic derivation of the stamen appendages is discussed. It is hypothesized that branched androecial structures may be primitive within the Laurales, if not in the angiosperms as a whole.     

Morphological specialization of heterantherous Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Melastomataceae) accommodates pollinator diversity

• The tropical Melastomataceae are characterized by poricidal anthers which constitute a floral filter selecting for buzz‐pollinating bees. Stamens are often dimorphic, sometimes with discernible feeding and pollinating functions. Rhynchanthera grandiflora produces nectarless flowers with four short stamens and one long stamen; all anthers feature a narrow elongation with an upwards facing pore.
• We tested pollen transfer by diverse foraging bees and viability of pollen from both stamen types. The impact of anther morphology on pollen release direction and scattering angle was studied to determine the plant's reproductive strategy.
• Medium‐sized to large bees sonicated flowers in a specific position, and the probability of pollen transfer correlated with bee size even among these legitimate visitors. Small bees acted as pollen thieves or robbers. Anther rostrum and pore morphology serve to direct and focus the pollen jet released by floral sonication towards the pollinator's body. Resulting from the ventral and dorsal positioning of the short and long stamens, respectively, the pollinator's body was widely covered with pollen. This improves the plant's chances of outcrossing, irrespective of which bee body part contacts the stigma. Consequently, R. grandiflora is also able to employ bee species of various sizes as pollen vectors.
• The strategy of spreading pollen all over the pollinator's body is rather cost‐intensive but counterbalanced by ensuring that most of the released pollen is in fact transferred to the bee. Thus, flowers of R. grandiflora illustrate how specialized morphology may serve to improve pollination by a functional group of pollinators.

     

Systematic consideration of floral microcharacters of the South American genus Chrysolaena (Vernonieae,Asteraceae)

Floral microcharacters of the genus Chrysolaena H. Rob. (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) were analysed in detail for the first time in order to evaluate the taxonomic position of conflictive species in the group. The results were also compared with studies carried out in species of related genera. In addition to distinctive microcharacters previously studied in some species of the genus, other characters such as trichome types of the corolla, style, anthers and cypselae have been analysed for the first time. The presence of glandular apical appendage and cypselae are common characteristics among species Chrysolaena. In addition to these, this study shows that presence of glands on the style and corollas is another consistent characteristic in the genus. However, the absence of basal stylar node would not be a diagnostic character since this varies widely among species. The results indicate that most of the microcharacters of Chrysolaena analysed are quite consistent in the genus, but they are no more consistent than the pollen morphology (type 'C') and chromosome base number (x = 10). Until now, these last two features would be most useful for separating Chrysolaena from the related genera Lessingianthus and Lepidaploa. At species level, the results show that related species can be distinguished by the different combinations of floral microcharacters. The value of microcharacters could be increased if they are combined with other morphological, cytological, and palynological data.     

苦苣苔科镜像花的多样性及演化

泛热带分布的苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)在我国南方具有极高的物种丰富度与特有率,花部特征变化丰富,是研究物种形成与适应演化的代表类群。镜像花(mirror-image flowers)是极为特化的传粉系统,在苦苣苔科中出现了较多的不同类型,可能与苦苣苔科物种多样性形成与维持有关。该研究总结与分析了苦苣苔科镜像花的类型多样性以及系统分布与适应演化等,讨论了镜像花对苦苣苔科物种形成与维持的积极意义。结果表明:镜像花仅分布在亚洲和非洲的苦苣苔亚科(Didymocarpoideae)的7个属,在历史上就至少发生了5次独立起源。长冠苣苔属(Rhabdothamnopsis)、南洋苣苔属(Henckelia)及长蒴苣苔属(Didymocarpus)镜像花的花柱与可育雄蕊分别向左、右两侧偏转,形成互补镜像花;蛛毛苣苔属(Paraboea)、喜鹊苣苔属(Ornithoboea)、非洲堇属(Saintpaulia)镜像花缺乏与花柱对应侧偏的可育雄蕊(非互补镜像花);而海角苣苔属(Streptocarpus)直立堇兰亚属(subg.Streptocarpella Engler)则同时出现了互补、非互补镜像花。不同于其他被子植物(离瓣花、缺乏花冠筒),苦苣苔科中的镜像花大多伴随着明显的花冠筒、内藏的雄蕊、合生的花药,以非互补镜像花为主;传粉者以小型的无垫蜂(Amegilla spp.)和熊蜂(Bombus spp.)为主。这些特殊的花部综合征与特化的传粉机制,提高了传粉精确性,可能促进了传粉隔离与物种适应辐射。今后的一个研究重点应通过分子系统发育方法,进一步揭示苦苣苔亚科互补与非互补镜像花的进化顺序及其在物种分化与长距离扩散过程中的可能作用。     

Somatic embryogenesis from stigmas and styles of grapevine

Summary An in vitro protocol has been developed for callus indiction, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration from stigma-style culture of grapevine. Four different grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.: cvs. ‘Bombino Nero’, ‘Greco di Tufo’, ‘Merlot’, and ‘Sangiovese’) were tested. Exlants were cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch medium (NN) supplemented with various combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA: 4.5 and 9.0 μM) and β-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA; 5.0 and 9.9 μM). Sucrose (88 mM) was used as the carbon source. Somatic embryogenesis was induced within 3–7 mo. after culture initiation. Even though explants of different origin (unfertilized ovules and anthers) regenerated somatic embryos, the higher embryogenic potential was observed in stigma and style explants, with the exception of ‘Merlot’, which regenerated somatic embryos only from unfertilized ovules. The percentages of stigma-style explants producing somatic embryos was 7% in ‘Bombino Nero’ (cultured on NN medium supplemented 9.0 μM BA and 9.9 μM NOA). 14% in ‘Greco di Tufo’ (4.5 μM BA and 9.9 μM NOA), and 8% in ‘Sangiovese’ (9.0 μM BA and 9.9 μM NOA). The presence of growth regulators (BA and NOA) in the medium was essential for induction of somatic embryogenesis. Plants were regenerated on hormone-free NN medium containing 88 mM sucrose.     

Flavanols in somatic cell division and male meiosis of tea (Camellia sinensis) anthers

Young anthers excised from closed tea flower buds ( Camellia sinensis L.) were stained as fresh tissues with p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent to localize flavanols associated with nuclei and chromosomes, apart from those flavanols stored in vacuoles. This staining reagent yields a blue colour for flavanols. In the nonsporogenic somatic cells of developing anthers, flavanols were found to be attached to chromosomes at all mitotic stages. Male meiosis started at a bud size of about 3.5 mm in diameter in pollen mother cells which displayed generally more or less pronounced blue nuclei and cytoplasm. The meiotic divisions from prophase I to telophase II were characterized by blue stained nuclei and chromosomes, but within the cytoplasm there was, if any, a random and very poor reaction for flavanols. Metaphase and telophase of meiotic divisions showed maximally condensed chromosomes staining dark blue. Early in telophase II, the cytoplasm was again stained blue; this faded at late tetrad stage. Flavanols of young mitotic and older non-mitotic anthers were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography--chemical reaction detection (HPLC-CRD). Catechin, epicatechin, B2, and epigallocatechin were minor compounds, whereas epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate were found in higher amounts. The major flavanol compound of the anthers, epicatechin gallate, exhibited a significant affinity to histone sulphate, as shown by UV-VIS spectroscopic titration.     

Divergent responses of two cereal aphids to previous infestation of their host plant

The role of pollen odour in resource location by the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), a pollen-feeding insect regarded as a pest of oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., (Brassicaceae) crops, was investigated in a linear track olfactometer. Both male and female beetles were attracted to the odour of whole oilseed rape flowers, indicating that these insects can locate their host plants using floral odours as cues. The attractive odour of flowers was found to emanate from all floral parts tested: the petals/sepals, the anthers, and from pollen itself. Therefore, at least part of the attractive odour of oilseed rape flowers emanates from pollen. Beetles were more attracted to floral samples containing anthers than those without anthers when these odours were directly compared in a choice-test, and this indicates that there were detectable differences between them. Anthers and pollen may therefore release distinctive odours that are quantitatively and/or qualitatively different from the odour of the rest of the flower. These experiments support the hypothesis that pollen-seeking insects use pollen odour cues to locate this food source.     

Selection of stable mutants from cultured rice anthers treated with ethyl methane sulfonic acid

To increase the frequency of stable mutants from cultured anthers of rice, the effects of EMS treatment on callus induction, plant regeneration and mutant induction were investigated according to the timing of treatment after anther inoculation on the medium. The frequency of callus induction was highest in anthers treated with 0.5% EMS 10 days after culture. Anthers treated directly at the initiation of culture exhibited a very low callus induction level, and the such calluses exhibited a poor plant regeneration capacity. The frequency of regeneration of green plants was significantly decreased by EMS treatments immediately after anther inoculation as compared with control. The frequencies of stable mutants were 20.7% and 12.0% in EMS treatments at 10 and 20 days, but unstable mutants were 43.1% and 52.6%, respectively. A total of 14 stable mutants, semidwarf mutants (4 lines), grain-shape mutants (2 lines) and glabrous mutants (8 lines) were selected from doubled haploid lines of the A₂ generation. The frequencies of callus induction, green plant regeneration and stable mutants were maximal in anthers treated with 0.5% EMS 10 days after culture.     

The taxonomic utility of micromorphology in Lepidaploa (Vernonieae: Asteraceae)

Lepidaploa belongs to tribe Vernonieae, one of the most complex tribes of Asteraceae, and the relationships within Lepidaploa and among related genera are poorly understood. Microcharacters may be of taxonomic value and may be used in the identification of taxa at different ranks. To evaluate the reliability of microcharacters as taxonomic markers in this group, we analysed the micromorphology of phyllaries, florets and cypselae in detail in 23 species of Lepidaploa .The species were studied using stereo, light, and scanning electron microscopy. Eight trichome types (eglandular and glandular) were observed on phyllaries, florets and cypselae, in addition to crystals, idioblasts and other microstructures. The results demonstrates that the ocurrence of different combinations of trichome types and crystals, presence of a stylar basal node, idioblasts and glandular apical anther appendages are highly useful to differentiate between related species of Lepidaploa and a diagnostic key using these characters is presented. However, these characters are not of much use to distinguish between closely related genera of Vernonieae since most characters appear homeoplasic and are found in representatives of different genera.